What does "orthography" refer to in language studies?

The term "orthography" specifically refers to the conventional spelling system of a language. It encompasses the rules, conventions, and standards that dictate how words are written and spelled, including the use of letters, diacritics, and punctuation marks. Understanding orthography is crucial for literacy, as it forms the foundation for reading and writing in any language.

The option discussing the study of syntax and grammar pertains to a different aspect of language studies, focusing on how sentences are structured and the rules that govern sentence formation. The choice regarding phonetic transcription addresses how sounds are represented in written form, which is not the same as spelling conventions. Lastly, the option referencing the historical development of language looks at evolution and changes within a language over time, which is distinct from the current practices of spelling and writing. Thus, the choice identifying orthography accurately describes the specific framework of spelling within a language.